Action by Marcel M. Holzer against Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft impleaded with others for an amount stipulated by a contract between the parties to be paid to the plaintiff in case the plaintiff should die or become unable without fault on his part to serve the defendants during the period of the contract. From an order of the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court in the First Judicial Department entered October 15, 1937, 252 App.Div. 729, 299 N.Y.S. 748, which affirmed an order of the Special Term denying the motion of the defendants to vacate an order of attachment, and also affirmed an order granting in part the plaintiff’s motion under rule 109 of the Rules of Civil Practice to strike out the defenses as pleaded by the defendants as insufficient in law, the defendant appealed by the permission of the Appellate Division, 252 App.Div. 841, 300 N.Y.S. 714. The following questions were certified: ‘Is the second separate defense contained in the answer of the defendant, Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft, sufficient in law upon the face thereof? 2. Does the complaint herein state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action?’

Order modified in part, and affirmed in part, and certified questions answered.

[**799] [*475]   Appeal from Supreme Court, Appellate Division, First Department.

[*476]  J. Anthony Panuch, of New York City, for Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft, and others.
Philip F. Farley, of New York City, for Schenker & Co.
[*477]  Samuel R. Wachtell, of New York City, for respondent.

PER CURIAM.

The complaint alleges two causes of action arising out of a contract between plaintiff, a German national, and Schenker & Co. G. m. b. H., a German corporation, for services to be performed by plaintiff for three years from January 1, 1932, in Germany and in other locations outside this state. Defendants, German corporations, controlled either through stock ownership or otherwise, the transportation system known as Schenker & Co.

Both causes of action allege that the contract provides that ‘in the event the plaintiff should die or become unable, without fault on his part, to serve during the period of the contract the defendants would pay to him or his heirs the sum of 120,000 marks, in discharge of their obligations under the hiring aforesaid.’

[*478]  The first cause of action alleges that on June 21, 1933, defendants discharged plaintiff as of October 31, 1933, upon the sole ground that he is a Jew and that as the result of such discharge he was damaged in a sum upwards of $50,000.

The second cause of action alleges that in April, 1933, the German government incarcerated plaintiff in prison and in a concentration camp for about six months, that  [**800]  his imprisonment was not brought about by any act or fault of plaintiff but solely by reason of the policy of the government which required the elimination of all persons of Jewish blood from leading commercial, industrial, and transportation enterprises, that as a result ‘plaintiff became unable, without any fault on his part, to continue his services from the month of April 1933,’ and has been damaged in the sum of $50,000.

The second separate defense of defendant Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft alleges that the contract of hiring was made and was to be performed in Germany, was terminated in Germany and is governed by the laws of Germany, that subsequent to April 7, 1933, the government of Germany adopted and promulgated certain laws, decrees, and orders which required persons of non-Aryan descent, of whom plaintiff is one, to be retired.

The Special Term granted plaintiff’s motion to strike out this defense, the Appellate Division affirmed and certified these questions: ‘(1) Is the second separate defense contained in the answer of the defendant, Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft, sufficient in law upon the face thereof? (2) Does the complaint herein state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action?’

The courts of this state are empowered to entertain jurisdiction of actions between citizens of foreign countries or other states of this Union based upon contracts between nonresidents to be performed outside this state. Hutchinson v. Ward, 192 N.Y. 375, 85 N.E. 390, 127 Am.St.Rep. 909; Wedemann v. U. S. Trust Co. of New York, 258 N.Y. 315, 317, 318, 179 N.E. 712, 79 A.L.R. 1320; Meyers v. Credit Lyonnais, 259 N.Y. 399, 182 N.E. 61, 83 A.L.R. 268. Under the decisions of this court  [*479]  and of the Supreme Court of the United States, the law of the country or state where the contract was made and was to be performed by citizens of that country or state governs. Salimoff & Co. v. Standard Oil Co. of New York, 262 N.Y. 220, 186 N.E. 679, 89 A.L.R. 345. Within its own territory every government is supreme (United States v. Belmont, 301 U.S. 324, 57 S.Ct. 758, 81 L.Ed. 1134) and our courts are not competent to review its actions. Wulfsohn v. Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic, 234 N.Y. 372, 138 N.E. 24. We have so held, ‘however objectionable’ we may consider the conduct of a foreign government. Dougherty v. Equitable Life Assur. Soc., of United States, 266 N.Y. 71, 83, 193 N.E. 897. ‘Every soevereign State is bound to respect the independence of every other sovereign State, and the courts of one country will not sit in judgment on the acts of the government of another done within its own territory.’ Oetjen v. Central Leather Co., 246 U.S. 297, 303, 38 S.Ct. 309, 311, 62 L.Ed. 726. In the Dougherty Case, supra, 266 N.Y. 71, at page 90, 193 N.E. 897, 903, we have held: ‘It cannot be against the public policy of this State to hold nationals to the contracts which they have made in their own country to be performed there according to the laws of that country.’

Therefore, in respect to the first cause of action, we are bound to decide, as a matter of pleading, that the complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action and that the second separate defense of the answer is sufficient in law upon its face. Defendants did not breach their contract with plaintiff. They were forced by operation of law to discharge him.

In respect to the second cause of action, the result is necessarily different. We are dealing merely with pleadings. Assuming, as alleged, that plaintiff became unable without any fault on his part to continue his services subsequent to April, 1933, that part of the agreement which is alleged to provide ‘that in the event the plaintiff should die or become unable, without fault on his part, to serve during the period of the contract the defendants would pay to him or his heirs the sum of 120,000 marks, in discharge of their obligations, under the hiring aforesaid, ’  [*480]  must be interpreted according to German law and the meaning of German words. What that law is depends upon the solution of questions of fact which must be determined on the trial. If the English words ‘become unable’ are a correct translation of the German words employed in the contract, then they would not appear to be limited to inability caused by physical illness but might be intended to apply to any factor which might prevent his service.

The order should be modified by reversing so much thereof as grants plaintiff’s motion to strike out the second separate defense in the answer as applied to the first  [**801]  cause of action. It should be affirmed as to the second cause of action and the certified questions answered as follows: (1) As to the first cause of action, ‘Yes.’ As to the second cause of action, ‘No.’ (2) As to the first cause of action, ‘No.’ As to the second cause of action, ‘Yes.’

CRANE, C. J., and LEHMAN, O’BRIEN, LOUGHRAN, FINCH, and RIPPEY, JJ., concur.

HUBBS, J., takes no part.

Ordered accordingly.