455 F.2d 137
Patricia Ann McDANIEL,
Individually, etc., et al.,
Plaintiffs-Appellees,
v.
PETROLEUM HELICOPTERS,
INC., Petroleum Helicopters De
Colombia, S. A.,
Defendants-Appellees-Cross-Appellants,
United Aircraft
Corporation,
Defendant-Appellant-Cross-Appellee.
No. 71-1057.
United States Court of
Appeals, Fifth Circuit.
Jan. 24, 1972.
COUNSEL: A. R.
Christovich, Jr., Christovich & Kearney, New Orleans, La., for United
Aircraft Corporation, defendant-appellant-cross-appellee.
Jack C. Benjamin, New Orleans,
La., Paul M. Bernstein, New York City, for Patricia Ann McDaniel.
C. James Gelpi, Carl J.
Schumacher, Jr., David L. Campbell, New Orleans, La., for petitioner
Helicopters.
Kierr & Gainsburgh, New
Orleans, La., Kreindler & Kreindler, and Paul M. Bernstein, New York City,
of counsel, for Patricia Ann McDaniel, Individually, etc., and others,
plaintiff-appellee.
JUDGES: Before
THORNBERRY, MORGAN and CLARK, Circuit Judges.
OPINION BY: CLARK,
Circuit Judge:
This is a diversity
jurisdiction wrongful death action in which the plaintiff, Patricia McDaniel,
received a judgment for 220,000 dollars against the defendant, United Aircraft
Corporation, as damages occasioned by the loss of her husband, Simeon McDaniel,
Jr. Mr. McDaniel's death occurred as a result of the crash of a helicopter he
was piloting, on July 19, 1964, in the jungles of Colombia, [*138] South America. Petroleum Helicopters De
Colombia, S. A., owner of the helicopter in question, and a defendant in the
original action, cross-claimed against United, manufacturer of the helicopter,
for damages resulting from the craft's destruction, and received a judgment in
the amount of 61,750 dollars. The jury did not indicate a specific dollar
allocation to any particular damage item within either of these two awards,
except to designate that 55,000 dollars of the 220,000 dollar judgment in Mrs.
McDaniel's favor was due to her minor child, Gene McDaniel.
United appeals from both
judgments against it, complaining that numerous errors occurred in the trial
proceedings. Petroleum cross-appeals, solely on the ground that errors below
resulted in an inadequate damage award to them. We have carefully considered
the alleged specifications of error complained of by the appealing parties, and
but for the single point discussed below, find them all to be without merit,
and to lack sufficient precedential value to warrant further comment.
The applicability vel non of
Colombian law raised several difficult issues in this cause. The single
possible application of that country's law we deal with here is its special
provision that recoverable damages for the loss of love and affection, in a
wrongful death action, shall be limited to 2000 pesos, approximately equal to
110 U. S. dollars. The parties were in agreement that: (1) the 2000 peso
limitation was indeed the law of Colombia 1; (2) Louisiana law had
no such limitation, and that a federal court sitting in Louisiana should deal
with this discrepancy by applying the State of Louisiana's conflict of law rule
2; and (3) Louisiana's recognition of the rule of lex loci delicto
required that Colombian law be applied. 3 Though being fully
cognizant that these three steps in the traditional conflict of law approach
mandated a limitation upon appellee's possible damage award, the court below
concluded that on the facts and circumstances of this particular case,
Louisiana's public policy required that Colombian law be disregarded upon this
point, and that a Louisiana state court would choose to apply its own rules
governing wrongful death recovery. We do not agree.
Predicting how state courts
will decide cases is a tricky business, and one whose guardianship we do not
relish. However, the situation before us does not put us to the task of making
one of those disingenuous Erie calculations where, e. g., a federal court in
New York "is to determine what the New York courts would think the
California courts would think on an issue about which neither has
thought." 4 Rather, we have a case in which we know precisely
the content and proper application of the relevant foreign law, and we have at
hand a recent decision of the Supreme Court of the forum state which makes what
is likely the most unequivocal statement of an unflinching adherence to the
rule of lex loci as has been recorded in the so-called "modern" era
of conflicts law. Johnson v. St. Paul Mercury Insurance Company, 256
La. 289, 236 So.2d
216 (La.1970). We have only to judge whether some other policy of
the state-and we do count the fervent embrace of lex loci to be in itself a
strong public policy in the state of Louisiana-would be regarded by Louisiana
[*139] courts to be sufficiently
compelling to displace the otherwise applicable foreign law.
Though Louisiana is firmly
entrenched in the lex loci camp, it still recognizes the general rule that
"state courts will not enforce the laws of other states that are repugnant
to their own or are contrary to equity or good morals." Smith v. Globe
Indemnity Co., 243 So.2d 882, 889
(La.App.1971). However, situations where Louisiana courts have actually applied
that rule in order to override the dictates of controlling foreign law are
rare. 5 There have been none since the Johnson decision, none
concerning wrongful death, and none which concerned policies and interests
similar to that involved in Mrs. McDaniel's effort to be free to collect
unlimited damages for loss of love and affection.
We think the most significant
indication of Louisiana's policy interest in wrongful death recovery situations
appeared in the Johnson case itself. In that case, 6 chastising a
lower court for attempting to apply some of the untried,
"new-fangled" conflict of law theories, the Supreme Court refused to
apply its own negligence law within the area of automobile accidents, but chose
rather to apply the stricter guest statute of the state of Arkansas. Two
residents of Louisiana, Bessie Johnson and Harley DeMoss, both domiciled in
Louisiana, were traveling together through Arkansas enroute to Iowa in an
automobile that was licensed, garaged and insured under contract in the state
of Louisiana. A mishap occurred in Arkansas in which the driver, DeMoss,
negligently drove into the rear of another car, thereby injuring Johnson. Since
the jury found that DeMoss was guilty of ordinary negligence-sufficient under
Louisiana law to warrant relief-but not wanton and wilful misconduct-requisite
under the Arkansas guest statute-Johnson was denied recovery in the Louisiana courts.
We are convinced that the
public policy interests-if they were to be given recognition in either a
wrongful death or guest statute situation-were stronger in Johnson than in the
case at bar. In Johnson, the protection of Louisiana citizens and the
regulation of their conduct was involved. Furthermore, the enforcement of
Louisiana's adherence to the common law of negligence, and the efficacy of its
refusal to favor, by means of a guest statute, driver hosts and insurers were
at stake. As Justice Sander said in his dissent in Johnson, 236
So.2d at 225:
Our state has a strong policy
of protecting its citizens from loss by the fault of another. This principle is
embodied in Article 2315 of the Louisiana Civil Code providing:
"Every act whatever of
man that causes damage to another obliges him by whose fault it happened to
repair it."
Thus, Johnson has all the
earmarks of that sort of situation where Louisiana could find-as it must if it
is to disregard foreign law that "the foreign law is repugnant to the
established principles of good morals or natural justice of the forum state, or
that its application will be injurious to the interests of its own
citizens." Smith, supra, 243 So.2d at 889. Nevertheless, Louisiana
rejected public policy arguments, as did the state of Texas in two similar
wrongful death cases, Marmon v. Mustang Aviation, Inc., 416 S.W.2d 58, 430
S.W.2d 182 (Tex.1968), and Francis v. Herrin Transportation Co., 423 S.W.2d
610, 432 [*140] S.W.2d 710
(Tex.1968) 7, and chose to adhere to the predictability and
reliability of the lex loci rule. We are persuaded that it would do so again in
the case at bar.
The circumstances of the
present case, indeed, present none of the cogent arguments, nor persuasive
state interests present in the "typical" public policy case. 8
Mrs. McDaniel was not a citizen of the state of Louisiana; the rejection of the
Colombian rule would do little or nothing to help Louisiana regulate conduct
either within or without its borders; there was no need to protect a state
citizen from an excessive award, or to preserve the estate of a non-resident
for possible claims by residents; the state itself had no financial interests
at stake, and there was no indication that forum-shopping was threatened 9
Moreover, the tort sued upon was a statutorily-created one, thus presenting a
classic case for the application of lex loci, on the theory that since the law
of the state or country where the tort occurred created the right to sue
thereon, it alone should define the scope of that right.
The federal courts, and
particularly the Fifth Circuit, have expressed great reluctance to upset a
state's choice of law. Gaston v. Walker,
400 F.2d 671 (5th Cir. 1968); Ideal Structures Corp. v. Levine
Huntsville Development Corp., 396 F.2d
917 (5th Cir. 1968). Since Johnson, the trial and appellate courts
within this Circuit have abandoned any effort (albeit often with a gratuitous
note of regret) to apply any law save that which the rule of lex loci would
direct in suits brought initially in Louisiana courts. Lester v. Aetna Life
Insurance Company, 433 F.2d 884
(5th Cir. 1970); Franklin v. Texas International Petroleum Corp., 324 F.Supp.
808 (W.D.La.1971); Pendleton v. Aetna Life Insurance Co.,
320 F.Supp. 425 (E.D.La.1970). We repeat, finally, a series of statements the
State of Louisiana has made, through the Johnson court, that are of
unmistakable import to the case at bar:
So far as we can ascertain,
this is the first case in the history of the jurisprudence of this State in
which a Louisiana court has applied Louisiana law to a foreign tort; this, in
spite of urgings to the contrary. Johnson, supra, 236 So.2d at 217. (citations
omitted)
******
* * *
The rule [lex loci] has had
the beneficial effect of certainty and simplicity of application and has done
much to promote the expeditious disposition of cases where the problem is
presented. Id., at 218.
******
* * *
A state whose conflict of laws
rule always serves its own citizens can hardly expect its citizens in the
courts of another state to receive any treatment which is inimical to the
citizens of that state. Id., at 221.
******
* * *
Also justice in the individual
case, if it were the one and only value, would be totally disruptive of all
rules. 10 Id., at 223.
******
* * *
The case must be returned to
the district court for trial limited to the issue of damages due Mrs. McDaniel,
and the jury must be instructed that it is limited, as Colombian law requires,
to awarding the U. S. dollar equivalent of 2000 pesos for the loss of love and
affection. [*141] In all other respects the actions of
the trial court were free of reversible error. The judgment in favor of
Petroleum is affirmed on direct and cross appeal.
Affirmed in part and, in part,
reversed and remanded with directions.
---------------
1 Even were appellee now to
object that she does not agree that this is the law of Colombia, we would
accept the lower court's determination that it is indeed the law, and proceed
accordingly. Fed.R.Civ.P. 44.1; Seguros Tepayec, etc. v. Bostrum, 347 F.2d 168 (5th Cir. 1965).
2 Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Mfg.
Co., Inc., 313
U.S. 487, 61 S.Ct. 1020, 85 L.Ed. 1477 (1941).
3 Johnson v. St. Paul Mercury
Insurance Co., 256 La. 289, 236 So.2d 216 (1970).
4 C. Wright, Law of Federal
Courts, Sec. 57, p. 235 (2nd Ed. 1970), quoting Nolan v. Transocean Air Lines, 276 F.2d 280, 281 (2nd Cir. 1960).
5 Brinson v. Brinson, 233 La.
417, 96 So.2d 653 (1957); Moore v. Burdine,
174 So. 279 (La.App.1937); Citizens' Bank v. Hibernia Bank & Trust Co., 19
La.App. 461, 140 So. 705 (1932); Succession of Petit, 49 La.Ann. 625, 21 So.
717 (La. 1897).
6 For some helpful commentary
on the background and implications of the Johnson case, see Couch,
Choice-of-Law, Guest Statutes, and the Louisiana Supreme Court: Six Judges in
Search of a Rulebook, 45 Tul.L.Rev. 100 (1970); 16 Loyola L.Rev. 151 (1970).
7 A comprehensive discussion of
recent developments in Texas law in regards to lex loci, public policy, and
wrongful death appears at 22 Baylor L.Rev. 205 (1970).
8 See generally, Paulsen &
Sovern, "Public Policy" in the Conflict of Laws, 56 Colum.L.Rev. 969 (1956).
9 See 5 Ga.St.Bar J. 508, 512
and cases cited there.
10 Citing Cheatham and Reese,
Choice of the Applicable Law, 52 Colum.L.Rev. 959 (1952).